Educational Language Essays - Fellows Of The Royal Society

Educational Language The Caribbean School System When the Caribbean was discovered by Columbus in 1492 the Europeans quickly invaded the area. With the invasion came their way of life. The Europeans eventually killed off the natives of the Caribbean and thus needed to import new labor. With that came the African American and the African American culture. The Europeans would have nothing to do with the Africans way of life and language. Europeans insisted that the language should be only that of European (Brathwaite 627). Even though the blacks were forbidden to speak and express their ways of life, the two cultures (African American and European) slowly began to merge. The African's language was influencing the way in which the Europeans spoke their own language (Brathwaite 628). Edward Brathwaite addresses how the educational system in the Caribbean did not notice these various languages existed. Instead the educational system enforced the European language ...and the contours of an English heritage (Brathwaite 628). Novelist Merl e Hodge writes in her novel Crick Crack Monkey about a child in the Caribbean who enrolls into school. Hodge illustrates just what Brathwaite's description of a typical Caribbean school is and how the Europeans enforced their language and heritage. Crick Crack Monkey begins with Tantie, the narrator's aunt, taking her niece to school. When they get to the school there are crowds of people protesting to let them in. The crowds where told by a man by the name of Mr. Thomas that the school was full. I presume that the school wasn't full at all, but rather racist towards blacks and would not let them enroll. Tantie as well as the rest of the crowd moved on to the RC (Private Roman Catholic) school, but there too was a sign outside of the entrance gate that said the school was full. A nun stood behind the gate praying with a regretful smile on her face. The nun swayed on and smiled regretfully, as if she had been wound up and placed at the gate to do so (Hodge 631). Again racism is shown towards the blacks as they can't admit their children to the private Roman Catholic school. Tantie's last resort is to leave her niece with Mrs. Hinds. Tantie leaves her niece saying, ...jus' you remember you going there to learn book do' let them p ut no blasted *censored* in yu head (Hodge 631). Tantie wants her niece to learn but not about all the bull the white man will try and feed her. With Tantie gone, her niece is left with a group of children who repeatedly say their multiplication tables over and over. Here we can we that there s really not much teaching going on or learning for that matter. While the children are in the mitts of their chaos, Mrs. Hinds sits in her chair with a piece of embroidery. This ritual continues for some time until it is recess time. The narrator of the story doesn't want to go out and play but wants to learn. As she explains, Go out and play indeed, when I had come to this place to read and write and all the other mysteries one performed in school! Go out and play I would not (Hodge 632). The narrator's expectations of school were not like this and she seems to be a little disappointed. After recess the children are left with Mr. Hinds. In the classroom behind Mr. Hinds is a picture of Churchill. If the children would start to be loud and become disorderly, Mr. Hinds would try and make them feel guilty. He would bring up the picture of Churchill saying it was unworthy behavior in front of the greatest Englishman who ever lived (Hodge 632). This is a bit ridiculous because these children obviously have no idea who Churchill is. This is exactly what Brathwaite is talking about when he says the system would try and instill American heritage into these children. Later on in the story Mrs. Hines recites some British hymns with the children. Here the children are forced to stand still and repeat after Mrs. Hines, who instructs, Not an eyelid must bat not a finger must twitch when we honor the Mother

Free Essays on Losing Ground

Charles Murray’s third part of Losing Ground, which is accurately called â€Å"interpreting the data† explains how the information gathered is used and interpreted. It explains how the education system still fails to help its youth, with similar problems of the early seventies still unchanged. It also talks of the working poor and how they would receive more benefits in the 1970’s if the accepted welfare rather than work, then in the 1960’s. This was labeled as an incentive to fail. This stage of the book also explains why economic growth in the 1970’s was losing steam. â€Å"One reason that the economic growth in the 1970’s lost its power to reduce poverty was that many of the poor were without jobs. If one has no job, it makes no difference how much the economy grows, poverty remains.† The government was able to make a stronger Labor Department to jump on this crisis and see to it that it could better train people to find new jobs and to help the people attain jobs that it did. This was able to boost prosperity of the nation on a larger scale and to aid it as it turned over into a new decade and things were looking up and it was a big impact which people needed to see. â€Å"The bare fact that a cause-effect relationship links certain social policies to some of the trends we examined in part two has been established. It was most clearly established, oddly, in an ambitious attempt to discredit the notion that such links exist.† The above text deals with the chapter titled â€Å"The social scientists and the great experience.† In 1965 the social scientists began to reach out from the campuses to join in the excitement at the nation’s capital in Washington. The fourth and final stage of the book is entitled â€Å"rethinking social policy,† in which we find three chapters entitled ‘what do we want to accomplish,’ ‘the constraints on helping’ and ‘choosing a future.’ The first chapter explains the goals... Free Essays on Losing Ground Free Essays on Losing Ground Charles Murray’s third part of Losing Ground, which is accurately called â€Å"interpreting the data† explains how the information gathered is used and interpreted. It explains how the education system still fails to help its youth, with similar problems of the early seventies still unchanged. It also talks of the working poor and how they would receive more benefits in the 1970’s if the accepted welfare rather than work, then in the 1960’s. This was labeled as an incentive to fail. This stage of the book also explains why economic growth in the 1970’s was losing steam. â€Å"One reason that the economic growth in the 1970’s lost its power to reduce poverty was that many of the poor were without jobs. If one has no job, it makes no difference how much the economy grows, poverty remains.† The government was able to make a stronger Labor Department to jump on this crisis and see to it that it could better train people to find new jobs and to help the people attain jobs that it did. This was able to boost prosperity of the nation on a larger scale and to aid it as it turned over into a new decade and things were looking up and it was a big impact which people needed to see. â€Å"The bare fact that a cause-effect relationship links certain social policies to some of the trends we examined in part two has been established. It was most clearly established, oddly, in an ambitious attempt to discredit the notion that such links exist.† The above text deals with the chapter titled â€Å"The social scientists and the great experience.† In 1965 the social scientists began to reach out from the campuses to join in the excitement at the nation’s capital in Washington. The fourth and final stage of the book is entitled â€Å"rethinking social policy,† in which we find three chapters entitled ‘what do we want to accomplish,’ ‘the constraints on helping’ and ‘choosing a future.’ The first chapter explains the goals...

Emarketing Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emarketing Models - Essay Example There are several models available when we consider the area of e-marketing in a broader perspective. Each model can be more applicable to different business types and are designed to provide a company with the tools to support the essential elements of marketing, price, promotion, product and place.But only few of these models come into the picture when we consider a particular company or organization Two of the models which we are discussing here are Brokerage Model and Advertising Model. Before venturing out the idea of they supporting the 4Ps. Lets give a brief idea about each one of them. Brokerage model main idea revolves around Brokers who are also called as market makers. Their role is to bring buyers and sellers together and facilitate transactions. The major areas where they play a role are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), or consumer-to-consumer (C2C) markets. Usually a broker charges a fee or commission for each transaction it enables. Some of the areas which are part of brokerage model are Market Place exchange, Buy/Sell Fulfillment, Demand Collection System, Auction Broker, Transaction Broker, Distributor, Search Agent and Virtual Market Place.

Samat pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Samat pricing - Essay Example Buying the product through an infomercial and shopping at the store both provide different channels for the same product. Purchasing an item on a website would be another channel a company could use to differentiate prices. ‘Regional pricing’ refers to the practice of pricing items differently in different regions, sometimes to better match local economies. Often cars are priced by regional pricing, and a person may pay more or less for a vehicle depending on the town, or even the country, in which they live. Anyone who has watched a home shopping network knows what ‘time based differentiation’ is. It is the practice of charging a different price based on how quickly a consumer gets an item or the length it takes to provide a service. Sometimes, if you â€Å"order now!† you’ll get a discount, or you may pay more if you ask for overnight shipping. When it is not possible for a company to use other sorts of price differentiation, ‘product v ersioning’ is a tactic that is sometimes used. The company creates slightly different ‘versions’ of the same product in order to adjust price by region or price sensitivity, justifying it by saying that it is a different version. The Apple corporation is known to do this sometimes with their ipod line. If the customer is unfamiliar with the features provided by the device, the company can simply repackage it into a slightly different package, and call it a new version, justifying any price changes they wish. Oftentimes, a company will offer coupons or rebates as a customer incentive. These are often beneficial financially to the company for several reasons. If a customer has a coupon for a particular item, they may go to a store they do not usually frequent to redeem it. This gets people in the door who may purchase additional items than the one they intended to come for. Also, in the case of rebates, since the customer must send them in after purchase and some l ose them or forget, this can sometimes lead to greater company profits. SECTION 2 Through the use of dynamic pricing, demand can be shifted from one period of time in a quarter or sales period to another. As available capacity increases, a shift is made in the product to another quarter by a changing the price. Through this practice, the company can attempt to predict the overall demand for their product. If sales are an uncertainty, a company may want to increase prices so that product manufacturing is controlled. This way, they do not create more supply than demand. Demand can change by season, and should be considered a variable. SECTION 3 The strategy of the Coca Cola Corportation was successful because it allowed the company to increase profit margins on days with a higher temperature. Consumers may have felt differently if they had realized that Coke was capitalizing on their thirst, and the heat, a factor that they the customer could not control. Some may have felt that they were being taken advantage of in this way. This example of price gouging was effective because the consumer at large accepted the situation and was unaware of the practice, they just knew they wanted their sodas. SECTION 4 [I WASN'T SURE THAT YOUR ANSWER TO THIS WAS ACTUALLY CORRECT, SO I TOOK THE LIBERTY OF REWRITING IT. IF YOU LIKE IT, PLEASE USE IT, IF NOT, DELETE THIS AND GO BACK TO YOUR PREVIOUS WORK.] In the case of the clothing company, Zara, they utilize a time sensitive outsourcing strategy. They outsource lines of clothing that are still selling, but

Airport Master Plans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Airport Master Plans - Research Paper Example 4 billion by 2030 and there is required more runway space to cater to this large number of passenger growth on annual basis. The cargo will increase by 4.8 percent annually whereas, the cargo operations will increase by slightly less momentum than the cargo. The master plan caters to all these issues in a direct and comprehensive manner. The current master plan has catered to all the airport facilities, tenants, airlines, off-airport or transit plan, process to involve public, retail enhancement plan, environmental plan and financial plan for all the facilities at the airport. The new plan has expanded the Terminal 2 West and provided space for 10 jets, constructed new apron, taxilane, second level curb, parking structure, vehicle circulation, new access road, hangars and apron based on 12.4 acres of land. It will reconstruct the taxiway C, demolish the standing facilities at the airport and relocate the SAN Park Pacific Highway (‘Master Plan’,

Fullerenes Synthesis Extraction and Purification

Fullerenes Synthesis Extraction and Purification There are many methods to synthesis C60 and C70 in gram quantities in the laboratory. In addition, higher mass fullerenes (larger fullerenes molecules) can be produced and isolated , albeit in very small amounts [1]. Most methods for generation of large quantities of fullerenes produce a mixture of impurity molecules and stable fullerenes. For this reason, fullerene synthesis must be followed by processes of extraction and purification of fullerenes from impurities according to mass [1]. Synthesis of Fullerenes: Fullerene molecules can be synthesized in the laboratory in a wide variety of methods, all involving the formation of a carbon- rich vapour [1]. Early methods used laser evaporation technique which produces very small quantities of fullerenes [1]. The later approaches involve an electric discharge between graphite electrodes in He gas [10]. Laser Evaporation Technique: This method was used in 1984 for the first time by Rohlfing and others [8]. They noticed that carbon cluster Cn with a huge number of carbon atoms (more than 190) could be produced [9]. In 1985 Kroto, Smalley and co- workers used this technique to generate and detect the most stable carbon clusters [7]. This method involves vaporization of carbon species from the rotating graphite disk into a high density helium, using a Nd:YAG laser operation at 532nm, (fig2). The resulting carbon clusters were analysised by time -of- flight mass spectrometry. The first observation of the mass of C60 was a 720 amu peak. Although this approach produces minute quantities of fullerenes, it is still essential if when we use later modification. This modification will help to heat the dusk of graphite. Therefore, it gives remarkable control of fullerene distribution and the generation of specific fullerenes [2]. Arc Evaporation: There is no doubt that this technique is an efficient way to produce gram quantities of fullerenes in the laboratory [1]. For the formation of fullerenes by this technique, an arc is struck between two graphite electrodes in atmosphere of 100~200 torr of He. The contact between the electrodes is maintained by the influence of gravity. The apparatus is surrounded by water to cool the soot to achieve the resulting soot which may contain approximately 10-15% of soluble fullerenes [2]. The first design by Wudl and co- workers used a pyrex cylinder for the vacuum shroud. Although this gives a suitable method for visual inspection of the graphite electrodes through the well, the glass cylinder is easily damaged. For this reason, it is appropriate to change it with a stainsteel cylinder with a window [1]. Fullerene Extraction: In this process of fullerenes production, soluble impurity molecules and insoluble nanoscale carbon soot are generated with soluble fullerenes. Two effective methods are used to extract the fullerenes from the soot [1]. Solvent Methods: Solvent method is the most common method is used to dissolve the fullerenes in benzene, toluene (preferred over benzene due to its toxicity is lower) or other suitable solvent. However, the solvent also contains other soluble hydrocarbon impurities [2]. It can be separated soot and other insoluble molecules from the solution by filtration. The early method used Soxhelt extraction in a hot solvent to remove fullerenes from the soot. This technique is used where the molecules to be extracted from the solid state are soluble in organic solvent, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal. This apparatus consists of double thimble containing soot, fullerenes and other materials and at the bottom the solvent is boiled in the flask. The solvent vapors and rises to condense in the condenser unit, the solvent distills then the solution passes through the thimble wall. The solution which contains the extracted molecules returns to the flask. The molecules that are not soluble in the so lvent remain in the thimble. Another alternative method, the soot is separated in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature before sonicating the soot in an ultrasonic bath for 20 minute. Removing insoluble molecules by filtration and a rotary evaporator at 50Â °C are used to remove THF from the fullerenes. It can be noticed that the higher boiling point solvent and more polar isolate the higher mass fullerenes [1]. Sublimation Methods: It can be sublimated microcrystalline C60 and C70 powder at low temperature Ts~350Â °C (C60) and Ts~460Â °C (C70). For this reason, C60 and C70 can be separated directly from the soot without introducing solvents, such as benzene, toluene, carbon disulfide or hexane. This method provides a beneficial alternative to solvent extraction for some cases which are sensitive to contamination of solvent in the sample. In this approach, the raw soot is placed in a quartz tube and the whole apparatus is heated in a furnace. Dynamic pumping is preferred because it is likely the soot may contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons impurities. The raw arc soot in the end of tube is kept at the highest temperature T~600-700Â ° C. The higher mass fullerenes sublimate from the soot which then condenses in the colder section of the tube. Since the sublimation temperature of C70 and higher fullerenes are higher than that of C60, they will condense closer to the soot. The production of a C60 molecular beam fr om a microcrystalline mixture of C60 and C70 depends on the difference in sublimation temperature between C60 and C70. This microcrystalline mixture is placed in a dynamic vacuum and is heated above the sublimation temperature of C60. The sublimation rate for C60 in vacuum at T~400 Â °C is favored by a factor of 20 over that C70. A pure molecular beam of C60 can be obtained, because C70 is a factor of ~ 7 less abundant in arc soot than C60 [1]. Kratschmer et al [11] used the method of directly subliming fullerenes from the solid material. However, this does not provide pure fullerenes. Fullerene Purification: The previous methods of extraction may bring impurity molecules with the most stable fullerenes. The step of chemical purification must be carried out, if a pure fullerene microcrystalline powder or solution is desired. The step involves sublimation methods based on temperature gradients and solvent methods based on liquid chromatography. Fullerene purification means the separation of the different fullerenes in the fullerene extract into C60, C70, C76, C84 etc. Sensitive tools, such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), optical absorption spectroscopy and infrared [1]. Solvent Methods: The main technique for fullerene purification is liquid chromatography (LC). LC is a wet chemistry method which includes a solution ( called the mobile phase ) of a molecular mixture. This solution is forced to pass through a column filled with a high surface area solid (called the stationary phase ). The separation of fractions is verified qualitatively by the comparison of the observed optical spectra, vibration spectra and NMR data or by color ( magenta or purple for C60 in toluene and reddish- orange for C70 in toluene). Liquid chromatography separates molecules according to their weights. Moreover, this technique can be utilized to separate a single allotrope, such as C76, or to isolate isomers with different molecular shapes but having the same molecular weight, such as separating C78 with C2Ï… symmetry from C78 with D3 symmetry [1]. The liquid chromatography process involves chemical or physical interactions between a particular molecule and the stationary phase. This interaction reduces (or raises) the rate of migration for that molecule through the column or raises (or reduces) the retention time for that molecule. Remarkable chemical or physical differences for the molecular species, such as surface absorption, shape and mass are important to provide a clear chromatographic separation. Early approaches to C60, C70, and higher fullerenes purification included flash column chromatography of the raw fullerene in a column packed with neutral alumina as the stationary phase and hexane/toluene ( 95/5 volume % ) as the mobile phase. Although this process was found useful, it used abundant quantities of solvent that was difficult to recycle [1]. One of the first important development to this method was high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

racism Essay -- essays research papers fc

Racism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism, what does that word mean. To many people it means that ones ethnic stock is superior to others, but this is the dictionary definition. To me racism is; hate crimes, people bias towards certain ethnic groups, ignorance, intolerance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hate crimes happen a lot because of racism, for example; in Georgia two white males beat a black man and drag him behind their truck in till his head was ripped off.(www.princeton.edu/bnsimon/race.html) All of this because of his skin color. Hitler killed all those Jews because he thought he was better than them, more superior to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain ethnic groups are sometimes bias to other ethnic groups. Like the whites think that the blacks are not as good because they have dark skin. A good example of the whites not liking the blacks is the KKK, they are a organized group of whites that don’t like the blacks.(Ethics and Values volume 7) Back in the day the whites would have blacks as there slaves, make them work with out receiveing any money for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ignorance, what is ignorance. The dictionary says that it is the lack of knowledge or understanding. that is part of racism. Some ethnic groups don’t understand others so they automatically think they are better. The best way to fight racism is for a more critical scence for all people because the privilage of â€Å"whiteness† has made many whites either unable to talk about race or very uncomfortable doing so. we never hear people reflect on what it feels like and means to be white except for that irritating â€Å"angry white male talk.† Mostly for ethnic groups like Jews, Irish, Italions, who have been descriminated against on a basis of ethnicity.(Cornel West) Every one has had their shot at defining â€Å"race† Theologins had their shot for hundreds of years. Then scientists took over in the nineteeth century. social scienetists have dominated the twentiah century definitions of race. (cornel West)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people think that color blindness is the answer to racial divides but how many white people realize that this means more than other races giving up their indentifications and thinking of themselves as individuals. In south africa they are setting up to find ways to stop racism in advertising.( Gomes - Sheftel Nasoan, Racism, )  ... ...worth escaped my soul. You were vultures wanting to leave me with only a shell. You almost succeded Yet I have removed your curse. This poem is about her being a minority and getting called names by people. She says that when she was growing up she was different. Racism in any form is a realistic and homble way of thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’ve found out that Racism isn’t just a word, it is a feeling, thought, action. Racism still exists today and will probably exists forever. There will all ways be that one person who thinks he is better than another person. And Because of this I don’t think that there is a way to ever stop racism. There are only ways to help keep it down. If you see some one experiencing hate because of there race, you could help them out by telling the person doing it to stop. Bibliography www.prinveton.edu/bnsimon/race.html www.encyclopedia.com/articles/10725raceclassificationandracism.html Mentor older brother, January 6, 2002 Gomes - Sheftel Nasoan, Racism, Therosen publishing group inc West, cornel Race Matters, Beacon Press Boston 1997 Ethics and Values Volume7, Racism - slander, grolier educational 1999 Juneau Empire, January 7, 2002